Filosofia e Eco-Anarquia em Tempos de Pandemia (Webdebate: A Casa de Vidro e Monstro dos Mares)

No dia 08 de Maio de 2020, sexta-feira, A Casa de Vidro, em parceria com a Editora Monstro dos Mares e o Grupo de Estudos em Complexidade, realizaram o webdebate “Filosofia e Eco-Anarquia em Tempos de Pandemia” – com Janos Biro Marques Leite, Pedro Tabio, Renato Costa e Eduardo Carli de Moraes. Assista na íntegra (2h36min):


Introdução

Combinando a crítica anarquista ao Estado e ao Capital com uma perspectiva ecocêntrica vinda do veganismo, do primitivismo, da crítica à sociedade industrial ou da ecologia profunda, a filosofia eco-anarquista tem se mostrado uma fonte valiosa de reflexões e provocações para o contínuo desenvolvimento das teorias e práticas anarquistas, desafiando os paradigmas das escolas de pensamento mais tradicionais.

São consideradas como ligadas ao eco-anarquismo as seguintes tendências: o anarco-naturismo (inspirado por Thoreau, Tolstoi e Élisée Reclus), a ecologia social (que não se limita ao movimento iniciado por Bookchin), o anarcoprimitivismo (representado por John Zerzan e os autores da revista Green Anarchy) e o veganarquismo (movimento anarquista e vegano).

O anarcoprimitivismo e o veganarquismo se destacam em tempos de pandemia pela crítica que já faziam há muito tempo à sociedade de massas e à domesticação de animais como fatores da produção de pandemias e novas doenças. (Janos Biro)

CONHEÇA OS DEBATEDORES:

PEDRO TABIO é urbanista, bioconstrutor, agricultor, inpermacultor libertário, eco-anarquista e editor na Monstro dos Mares.

JANOS BIRO é formado em filosofia pela UFG e membro do coletivo eco-anarquista Contra a civilização (contraciv.noblogs.org). Criador do site Contrafatual (contrafatual.com).

RENATO COSTA é chef vegano e estudante de jornalismo na UFG.

EDUARDO CARLI é jornalista, filósofo, mestre em Ética e Filosofia Política pela UFG, professor do IFG, fundador d’A Casa de Vidro, onde atua como agitador cultural.

ASSISTA:

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PAUTA TEMÁTICA

I) E O LOCKDOWN, ANARQUISTAS? Se observarmos as crises econômicas e políticas, os alertas climáticos, e agora a crise epidemiológica, muito do que um suposto alarmismo radical anunciava vem se concretizando. Hoje os bolsonaristas acusam a pauta do isolamento de alarmismo. Entretanto subjaz o problema da condução das medidas de isolamento por parte do Estado, amparado pelas recomendações dos organismos internacionais de saúde. Na visão de vocês, a possibilidade de isolamento total, obrigatório, conhecido como lockdown, contraria o princípio libertário defendido pelo anarquismo? O fator de controle sanitário, e consequentemente, a necessidade compulsória de isolamento legitimado pela ciência, em “defesa de vida”, contrariam as liberdades individuais e os princípios da auto-gestão coletiva? Quero dizer, o lockdown atenta, por princípio, contra a organização autônoma das comunidades? Ou seria manipulável apenas em caso de qualquer tipo de autoritarismo se valer da pandemia como álibi da repressão, no oportunismo da condução da crise em favor do Estado e do Capital?


II) TECNOFOBIA vs TECNOFILIA

Os ativistas eco-anarquistas, no que diz respeito às táticas de enfrentamento das forças sociais que causam as catástrofes ecológicas, aceitam de bom grado o uso das tecnologias digitais e das mídias sociais como ferramentas de mobilização? Percebem pautas em comum com movimentos como o Software Livre e certas vertentes do circuito hacker? Ou vocês consideram que a anarquia verde aproxima-se mais do anarco-primitivismo, da recusa diante de um cenário cibernético dominado por empresas como Facebook, Google, Apple etc.? Digo isso pois uma publicação do Comitê Invisível, Foda-se o Google (faccaoficticia.noblog.org), coloca em foco a diferença entre movimentos caracterizados por tecnofilia ou por tecnofobia, arriscando também a seguinte caracterização:

“O grosso dos marxistas e pós-marxistas juntam à sua propensão atávica para a hegemonia um certo vínculo à técnica-que-liberta-o-homem, enquanto uma boa parte dos anarquistas e pós-anarquistas se acomodam sem dificuldade numa confortável posição de minoria, ou mesmo de minoria oprimida, acantonando-se geralmente em posições hostis à ‘técnica’. Cada tendência dispõe até da sua caricatura: aos partidários negristas do ciborgue, da revolução eletrônica pela multidão conectada, respondem os anti-industriais que fizeram da crítica do progresso e do ‘desastre da civilização tecnicista’ um gênero literário bem rentável, feitas as contas, e uma ideologia de nicho onde nos mantemos quentes e aconchegados, à falta de entrever uma qualquer possibilidade revolucionária. Tecnofilia e tecnofobia formam um par diabólico unido por essa mentira central: que uma coisa como a técnica existe.” (Cap. 4)

w.capaGOOGLE-web.cleanedFoda-se o Google [Baixar PDF]

Fragmento do livro Aos Nossos Amigos do Comitê Invisível que trata da expansão tecnológica e política sobre as formas de governo e controle social. “Uma empresa que mapeia todo o planeta, enviando equipes para fotografar cada rua de cada cidade não pode ter interesses apenas comerciais. Ninguém mapeia um território sem intenções de dominá-lo. ‘Don ́t be evil’”.

1. Não existem “Revoluções de Facebook” mas uma nova “Ciência de Governo”, a Cibernética. 2. Guerra a tudo que for Smart! 3. Miséria cibernética. 4. Técnicas contra tecnologia.


III) INTEGRAÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA EM TEMPOS DE CONSUMISMO PREDATÓRIO

Considerando mais especificamente o sujeito político contemporâneo, em relação com a coletividade massificada pelas formas de consumo predatórias, estimuladas em grande parte pela hegemonia neoliberal do culto ao mercado, quais seriam as dinâmicas entre o papel do indivíduo e sua integração comunitária para fixarmos uma agenda de transformações ambientais e sócio históricas, desejáveis no futuro próximo? Mais especificamente ainda, de acordo com os aspectos sociais da atual crise do Coronavírus, interpretados pelo crítica eco-anarquista ao capitalismo em geral, quais as estratégias eco-anarquistas que permitiriam a cada um e cada uma de nós influir numa conjuntura de luta contra as opressões coletivas e a degradação ambiental? Ou seja, minha pergunta vai no sentido de buscar saber como equacionar indivíduo e sociedade, do ponto de vista da filosofia anarquista, no contexto da crise ecológica e sanitária!


IV) A BADERNA ORGANIZADA?

A coleção de livros Baderna, originalmente publicada pela ed. Conrad, depois relançada pela Veneta, trouxe ao público brasileiro a oportunidade de conhecer mais sobre grupos anarquistas e similares, como Luther Blissett, organizados mundo afora, além de propiciar contato com pensadores como Hakim Bey e Raoul Vaneigem. Qual seria, para vocês, a importância de organizações coletivas de ativistas eco-anarquistas? Quais os exemplos destas que vocês poderiam citar? O que pensam sobre certas experiências no mundo atual, citadas por Camila Jourdan e Acácio Augusto, de regiões “liberadas” onde princípios anarquistas estão presentes na prática? Os autores se referem sobretudo “À experiência zapatista no México, cujos territórios autônomos se organizam de maneira federalista libertária, sem Estado e de modo comunal, e o confederalismo libertário de Rojava, no território de ocupação majoritariamente curdo que derrotou o Daesh (Estado Islâmico) e hoje está sob ameaça militar do Estado turco.” (pg. 9)


V) CARNISMO INFECCIOSO – UMA OUTRA ALIMENTAÇÃO ANARCOVEGANA É POSSÍVEL? Em relatório da OMS, Ben Embarek, especialista em segurança alimentar, atesta-se que o novo coronavírus veio do morcego, provavelmente mediado por um outro animal “criado para fornecer alimento”. Além disso, confirmou o que Manuais Epidemiológicos chineses já atestavam: a doença pode circular entre gatos, furões e cachorros. Estes fatos colocam em destaque o risco sanitário envolvido no consumo de carne e no morticínio de animais. O Vegan-arquismo vem denunciando há muito o abandono e a domesticação dos animais – uma sendo condicionante da outra. Pergunto: como vocês trata dessas urgências éticas e ecológicas, a exemplo da necessidade de se adotar uma dieta vegetariana, ou de se representar o veganismo como orientação ao consumo, e também como filosofia em si? Como vocês vêem o papel do veganismo na crise ecológica e na crise sanitária?


VI) A ABOLIÇÃO DO ESTADO: AINDA É O CENTRO DA PROPOSTA ANARCO?

Em Marx Selvagem, Jean Tible busca um “diálogo entre as concepções marxiana de abolição do Estado” com a noção de Pierre Clastres de uma “sociedade contra o Estado”. Sabemos que Marx polemizou com grandes anarquistas de sua época – Bakunin, Proudhon e Max Stirner – a respeito do processo de abolição do estado, visto como fim tanto pelo anarquismo quanto pelo comunismo. A diferença essencial estaria na reivindicação anarquista de extinção súbita do Estado em contraste com um processo mais gradual no âmbito do marxismo que prevê uma transição – a ditadura do proletariado servindo-se do Estado como “instituição transitória, da qual nos servimos na luta durante a revolução para reprimir à força os adversários” (ENGELS, citado por Tible, pg. 192). Para Lênin, o Estado burguês é sucedido pelo Estado proletário no pós-revolução de modo a “reprimir a resistência dos exploradores” (ou seja, combater a reação contra-revolucionária) mas também para “dirigir a grande massa da população na efetivação da economia socialista” (Lenin, 1918, citado por Tible, p. 194). Como compreendem os eco-anarquistas esta questão? É preciso abolir o Estado imediatamente ou gradualmente? De que modo a preocupação com as questões ambientais, ecológicas, de sustentabilidade, justifica práticas e movimentos que visam esmagar o Estado? E como ficam os Mercados e Corporações nesta luta, considerando-se que os Estados neoliberais atuais são basicamente lacaios das mega-empresas e seus financiadores, seus banqueiros, a classe rentista?


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Eduardo Viveiros de Castro: “A revolução faz o bom tempo” [Conferência completa em “Os Mil Nomes de Gaia”, 50 min. ]

Viveiros

“Acho que essa é uma expressão muito feliz: nosso problema é como dar fundamentos materiais diferentes à nossa liberdade.  (…) Me parece que há uma crise da liberdade, a angústia de ver Gaia se transformando numa gaiola, cada vez mais exígua e que ameaça nos esmagar…” – Eduardo Viveiros de Castro


“Pôr em xeque a supremacia do pensamento ocidental-moderno fazendo-o experimentar outras ontologias, outras epistemologias e também outras tecnologias.” Esta é, segundo Renato Sztutman, organizador do excelente livro Encontros (Azougue Editorial, 254 pgs, R$29,90), uma das intenções das reflexões antropológico-sociológico-políticas de Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Inspirando-se em fontes tão variadas como o Movimento Tropicalista dos anos 1960, a Antropofagia de Oswald de Andrade, a literatura de Guimarães Rosa, a análise filosófica de Deleuze e Guattari, as teorias revolucionário-baderneiras de Hakim Bey, sem falar num punhado de outros antropólogos (Lévi-Strauss, Roy Wagner, Marilyn Strathern…), Viveiros de Castro é um dos estandartes na resistência atual “contra a sujeição cultural na América Latina aos paradigmas europeus e cristãos” (Sztutman).

Mais de 30 anos atrás, quando começou a estudar antropologia, Viveiros de Castro rememora: “naquela distante época estávamos sendo acuados pela geopolítica modernizadora da ditadura – era o final dos anos 1970, que nos queria enfiar goela abaixo o seu famoso projeto de ocupação induzida (invasão definitiva seria talvez uma expressão mais correta) da Amazônia”.

Um dos esforços deste antropólogo, desde então, foi revelar a complexidade e riqueza dos povos indígenas da América Latina com a constante preocupação em “conceber todo nativo em sua capacidade de fabricar teorias sobre si e sobre outrem”, como diz Sztutman. O conceito de “perspectivismo ameríndio”, que caracterizaria o “jeito” indígena de conceber a realidade, visa nos abrir os olhos para outro modo de  perceber o real, uma perspectiva nas antípodas do cartesianismo/positivismo tão típico do nosso Ocidente.

Por  “perspectivismo ameríndio” ele se refere à “concepção indígena segundo a qual o mundo é povoado de outros sujeitos, agentes ou pessoas, além dos seres humanos, e que vêem a realidade diferentemente dos seres humanos” (p. 32).

“Uma das teses do perspectivismo é que os animais não nos vêem como humanos, mas sim como animais” (p. 35), aponta Viveiros de Castro. Por exemplo: para os homens, as onças no mato são apenas animais, “bestas”, “feras”; mas para as onças no mato, os homens é que não passam de bichos (e de carne sedutoramente suculenta). Outro exemplo: na perspectiva dos urubus, a carniça… é um delicioso peixe-assado.

Viveiros de Castro, com aquilo que aprendeu morando e convivendo com os nativos da Amazônia, convida-nos a olhar o mundo com outros olhos, num exercício de outramento através do qual podemos vivenciar o real à maneira do perspectivismo ameríndio, isto é, concebendo uma multiplicidade de consciências que se esparramam por toda a paisagem do real, sendo que cada animal teria uma tendência a fazer de sua perspectiva uma espécie de “centro-do-mundo”, de conceber-se como “subjetividade” e objetificar o outro.

Em muitos mitos indígenas, deparamos com a noção de que os animais são criaturas que foram humanas um dia. “Tal humanidade pretérita dos animais nunca é esquecida, porque ela nunca foi totalmente dissipada, ela permanece lá como um inquietante potencial – justo como nossa animalidade “passada” permanece pulsando sob as camadas de verniz civilizador” (p. 36).

Donde emergem frases, aparentemente absurdas, altamente poéticas, inspiradoras de reflexões altamente interessantes, como “onça também é gente” ou “a oncidade é uma potencialidade das gentes” (p. 38).

Com muito senso de humor, Viveiros de Castro aponta:

“considerar que os humanos são animais não nos leva necessariamente a tratar seu vizinho ou colega como trataríamos um boi, um badejo, um urubu, um jacaré. Do mesmo modo, achar que as onças são gente não significa que se um índio encontra uma onça no mato ele vai necessariamente tratá-la como ele trata seu cunhado humano. Tudo depende de como a onça o trate… E o cunhado…” (p. 38)

Este pensamento antropológico decerto tem todo um impacto político, todo um “ideal” de diversidade socioambiental, todo um plano de resistência às práticas que Raul Seixas satirizava como o “alugar o Brasil”,; há implícita (e às vezes escancarada) toda uma revolta contra os desenvolvimentismos ecocidas, destruidores não só de ecossistemas que sustentam a biodiversidade, mas des-respeitosas afrontas à outridade de outros cujas perspectivas poderiam ampliar as nossas, cujas sabedorias poderiam fecundar a nossa ocidentalóide sophia.

Olhem só o pesadelo que faz Viveiros de Castro despertar em pânico em algumas madrugadas:

“O Brasil do futuro: como diz Beto Ricardo, metade uma grande São Bernardo, a outra metade uma grande Barretos. E um punhado de Méditerranées à beira-mar plantados, outro tanto de hotéis de eco-turismo em locais escolhidos dentro do Parque Nacional “Assim Era a Amazônia”, criado pela Presidente Dilma Rousseff (em segundo mandato) no mais novo ente da federação, o Iowa Equatorial, antigo estado do Amazonas. Bem, esse é só um pesadelo que me acorda de vez em quando…” (p. 252)

Em tempos como os nossos, em que a terceira maior usina hidrelética do mundo (Belo Monte) está sendo construída pelo Governo Federal e em que o Novo Código Florestal, pró-motosserras, gerou legítimos protestos por parte de ambientalistas e ecologistas, é bom lembrar, como faz Viveiros de Castro, que a ditadura no Brasil agia em prol de um “projeto de desindianização jurídica”. Ela consistia na presunção do Estado autoritário de que podia impor à força o estatuto de “cidadãos brasileiros” (logo, de “súdito” sob a tutela e com dever de obediência ao Estado nacional) aos indígenas.

“Índio” (ao menos era o que queria a ditadura…), era “atributo determinável por inspeção” e “tratar-se ia apenas de mandar chamar os peritos” Viveiros de Castro sugere ainda que “des-indianizar” o Brasil servia para que os militares pudessem dizer: “Esse pessoal não é mais índio, nós lavamos as mãos. Não temos nada a ver com isso. Liberem-se as terras deles para o mercado; deixe-se eles negociarem sua força de trabalho no mercado.”

Em levante contra isso, Viveiros de Castro comenta:

“Nosso objetivo político, como antropólogos, era estabelecer definitivamente que índio não é uma questão de cocar de pena, urucum e arco-e-flecha, algo de aparente e evidente nesse sentido estereotipificante, mas sim uma questão de ‘estado de espírito’. Um modo de ser e não um modo de parecer. A nossa luta, portanto, era uma luta conceitual: nosso problema era fazer com que o AINDA do juízo de senso comum “esse pessoal AINDA é índio” (ou “não é mais índio”) não significasse um estado transitório ou uma etapa a ser vencida. A idéia, justamente, é a de que os índios “ainda” não tinham sido vencidos, nem jamais o seriam. Em suma, a idéia era que “índio” não podia ser visto como uma etapa na marcha ascensional até o invejável estado de “branco” ou de “civilizado”.

E.C.M., A Casa de Vidro
educmoraes@hotmail.com

Viveiros2
“Se Descartes nos ensinou, a nós modernos, a dizer ‘eu penso, logo existo’ – a dizer, portanto, que a única vida ou existência que consigo pensar como indubitável é a minha própria -, o perspectivismo ameríndio começa pela afirmação duplamente inversa: ‘o outro existe, logo pensa’. E se esse que existe é outro, então seu pensamento é necessariamente outro que o meu. Quem sabe até deva concluir que, se penso, então também sou um outro. Pois só o outro pensa, só é interessante o pensamento enquanto potência de alteridade. O que seria uma boa definição da antropologia. E também uma boa definição da antropofagia, no sentido que este termo recebeu em certo alto momento do pensamento brasileiro, aquele representado pela genial e enigmática figura de Oswald de Andrade: ‘Só me interessa o que não é meu. Lei do homem. Lei do antropófago.’ Lei do antropólogo.” – Viveiros de Castro

Confiram também:

“Raízes e Frutos da Rebelião” – Comentários sobre a luta dos Zapatistas mexicanos contra o Capitalismo Neoliberal

CddeMexico

“To kill oblivion with a little memory,
we cover our chests with lead and hope.”

SUBCOMANDANTE MARCOS,
Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN).
In: ‘Our Word is Our Weapon: Selected Writings’,
Foreword: José Saramago (Nobel Prize In Literature)
Published by Seven Stories Press (New York, 2003, Pg. 100.)


PART I – THE BIG-BELLIED BEAST
AGAINST THE GRASS-ROOTS RESISTANCE

 

CHAPTER I – CHIAPAS LOSES BLOOD THROUGH MANY VEINS

“We are a product of 500 years of struggle: first, led by insurgents against slavery during the War of Independence with Spain; then to avoid being absorbed by North American imperialism; then to proclaim our constitution and expel the French empire from our soil; later when the people rebelled against Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship, which denied us the just application of the reform laws, and leaders like Villa and Zapata emerged…” – First Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, January 2, 1994

EZLNIn the mountains and jungles of the Mexican southeast, an insurrection explodes in January 1st, 1994. Several municipalities in the province of Chiapas are taken over by the armed rebels that call themselves Zapatistas, followers of the legacy of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919).

Led by the campesinos and the indigenous populations of Chiapas, this neo-zapatist movement blossoms into the spotlight of the world’s arena in exactly the same day of the implementation of NAFTA, the Free Trade Agreement of the North American countries.

From day one, it was made quite clear by the rebels that one of the objectives of EZLN’s uprising was to be an obstacle to the implementation of Free Trade policies in Mexico. The economical set-up of Neoliberalism (based on privatization, free competition, consumerism etc.), argues the Zapatistas, is nothing but an authoritarian imposition of rules made-up by “the world of money”:

“The world of money, their world, governs from the stock exchanges. Today, speculation is the principal source of enrichment, and at the same time the best demonstration of the atrophy of our capacity to work. Work is no longer necessary in order to produce wealth; now all that is needed is speculation. Crimes and wars are carried out so that the global stock exchanges may be pillaged by one or the other. Meanwhile, millions of women, millions of youths, millions of indegenous, millions of homosexuals, millions of human beings of all races and colors, participate in the financial markets only as a devalued currency, always worth less and less, the currency of their blood turning a profit. The globalization of markets erases borders for speculation and crime and multiplies borders for human beings. Countries are obliged to erase their national border for money too circulate, but to multiply their internal borders.” – (Marcos, Unveiling Mexico, p. 117)

Wall Street and Washington join hands and try to persuade Mexicans that “Free Trade” will be a marvel for Mexico, but Mexicans have every reason to be suspicious of their neighbor who stole from it a big slice of territory in bygone years. Today, at the frontier that separates the countries, the yankees have built up a huge Wall of Segregation, and soldiers with license to kill can deal with illegal immigrants in very unbrotherly ways.  The same country responsible for La Migra (and Guantánamo Bay, and Abu Ghraib detention facility…) preaches the Free Trade gospel as if it was salvation.

The men and women who have arisen to speak out their discontent in Chiapas are yet to be fully heard by the world-at-large. Artists and writers have helped spread their voices, from Manu Chao and Rage Against the Machine, to José Saramago and Eduardo Galeano. 20 years later, the Zapatistas are still struggling against the powers that want to crush human dignity in the bloody altars of profit. And if the Zapatistas’ scream has the potentiality to be heard and comprehended all around the world, it’s because they accuse the established capitalist system of committing crimes that are visible worldwide, in many different countries: ecological devastation; ethnical genocide of indigenous populations and destruction of their cultures; concentration of capital in the hands of a few multinational corporations etc.

Zapatismo has been called the first revolutionary movement of the Internet-era, the avant-garde guerrilla that’s pioneering the ways to be followed by the guerrillas of tomorrow. But reactionary political powers have been violently trying to silence their voices – and the “money world”, also referred to by Marcos as “The Beast”, doesn’t refrain from methods such as military agression, police repression,  institutionalized murder, and para-military militias. All in order to maintain the Order imposed by The World of Money and to bury the voices of these “indians”, covered in masks and carrying guns, that insist in demanding social justice, autonomy and real democracy.

7

Marcos describes Chiapas’s tragedies very vividly in his poetry-filled words: “This land continues to pay tribute to the imperialists”, writes the insurgent Zapatista, “and there’s a thousand teeth sunk into the throat of the Mexican Southeast” (Unveiling Mexico, 1992, pg. 22-23). Would the indigenous populations of southeast Mexico have risen in rebellion if the suffering they endured hadn’t become unbearable?

“In times past, wood, fruits, animals, and men went to the metropolis through the veins of exploitation, just as they do today. Like the banana republics, but at the peak of neoliberalism and ‘libertarian revolutions’, the Southeast of Mexico continues to export raw materials, just as it did 500 years ago. It continues to import capitalism’s principal product: death and misery.

The health conditions of the people of Chiapas are a clear example of the capitalist imprint: 1.5 million people have no medical services at their disposal. There are 0,2 clinics for every 1.000 inhabitants, 1/5 of the national average. There are 0,3 hospital beds for every 1.000 Chiapanecos, 1/3 the amount in the rest of Mexico… Health and nutrition go hand in hand with poverty. 54% of the population of Chiapas suffers from malnutrition, and in the highlands and forest this percentage increases to 80%…. This is what capitalism leaves as payment for everything that it takes away. (…) Chiapa’s experience of exploitation goes back for centuries. ” – Sub Marcos, Unveiling Mexico

In Subcomandante Marcos’ political tought, which seems to be deeply rooted in an understanding of Latin America’s reality similar to Eduardo Galeano’s, Imperialism is the name of the beast which has it’s thousands of teeths sunk into Chiapas neck – and so many numberless others places on this Earth where 85 flesh-and-blood earthlings retain the same amount of wealth as half of the world’s population (according to Oxfam). Welcome to the established economical and political orden in 3rd planet from the Sun, a place of extreme inequality in which the criminal status quo is defended by armies and warmongers, for the profit of speculators, gangsters and banksters.

“A handful of businesses – one of which is the Mexican state – take all the wealth out of Chiapas and in exchange leave behind their mortal and pestilent mark..(…) Pemex has 86 teeth sunk into the townships of Estación Juárez, Reforma, Ostuacán, Pichucalco, and Ocosingo. Every day they suck out 92.000 barrels of oil and 517.000.000.000 cubic feet of gas. They take away the petroleum”, states Marcos, “and in exchange leave behind the mark of capitalism: ecological destruction, agricultural plunder, hyperinflation, alcoholism, prostitution, and poverty.”

It’s easy to delineate the image of the Enemy in the Zapatistas’ hearts: the face of the big-bellied beast of Greed. Imperialism is dirty business, greediness in action, devastating egotism that turns nations into vampires that suck the life-blood of others. Besides the petroleum that gets sucked out of Chiapas by greedy oil companies, another similar process affects the production of coffee: 35% of Mexico’s coffee is produced in Chiapas, but more than 50% of Chiapas’ coffee production is exported. The campesinos that work in the fields to produce it have terribly inadequate life-conditions of nourishment, health, education etc. The true producers are dying of hunger and disease while foreign powers ride on golden streets of robbed privilege.

The list can be enriched with many other “commodities” that are sucked-out of Chiapas to feed, elsewhere, the belly of the beast. There are 3.000.000 animals waiting to be slaughtered for beef in Chiapas: “the cattle are sold for 400 pesos per kilo by the poor farmers and resold by the middlemen and businessmen for up to 10 times the price they paid for them.” (Unveiling Mexico, p. 23) Chiapas’ forests are also among the culinary preferences of the greedy hungry beast: whole woods are cut down by capitalism’s chainsaws, and this precious wood is then shipped out of Chiapas to be sold elsewhere for huge profits. Similar histories could be told about honey, corn or hydrelectric energy – goods that Chiapas produces in large quantities, but get eaten away by this beastly creature which Marcos denounces and summons to answer: “what does the beast leave behind in exchange for all it takes away?” (pg. 24)

zapatismos

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CHAPTER II – THE TIME TO HARVEST REBELLION INSTEAD OF DEATH

John Lennon asked us in his era-defining song to “imagine a brotherhood of man”, but Chiapas isn’t the place to look for it. It ain’t brotherly treatment to exploit, repress and steal fellow humans – and that’s what businessmen and fancy capitalists have been doing against the Chiapanecos. “1.000.000 indigenous people live in these lands and share a disorienting nightmare with mestizos and ladinos: their only option, 500 years after the “Meeting of Two Worlds”, is to die of poverty or repression.” (Marcos: p. 26)

There are 300.000 Tzotziles, 120.000 Choles, 90.000 Zoques, and 70.000 Tojoales, among other indigenous populations, that inhabit the land of the poorest state in Mexico. Chiapas could be rich, but it’s wealth is sucked away and taken abroad, to bank accounts of greedy capitalists, and if you join the Zapatista up-rising against this reality you might end up killed by the repression. How many people has the Mexican Army killed in order to silence the voices that question the undoubtable goodness of the so-called “Free Market”? I leave the question unanswered, for now, and move on, from exploitation to rebellion.

At the dawn of the New Year, in January 1st 1994, the Zapatista National Liberation Army descended from the Lacandon Jungle to take over the power in several cities of Chiapas, including San Cristobal de Las Casas and Ocosingo. They believed to be “professionals of hope”, “transgressors of injustice”, “History’s dispossessed”, finally raising their voices to demand liberty, justice, democracy, dignity. This is the moment when they became visible, when they stepped out of the shadows, when they shouted for the whole World to hear.

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January 1st, 1994: EZLN takes power over San Cristobal de las Casas. Photo by Antonio Turok.

“Death does not hurt; what hurts is to be forgotten. We discovered then that we longer existed, that those who govern had forgotten about us in their euphoria of statistics and growth rates. A country that forgets itself is a sad country. A country that forgets its past cannot have a future. And so we took up arms and went into the cities, where we were considered animals. We went and told the powerful: “We are here!” And to the whole country we shouted: “We are here!” And to all the world we yelled, “We are here!”…”

This movement is deeply rooted in History: far from being immediatist and pragmatic, the Zapatista movement demands respect for the rights of human populations who descend from the occupants of this land prior to the European’s invasion. This scream of rebellion raises from an ocean of blood: the genocide of the Indians and the destruction of their civilizations is still an open wound in the Zapatistas hearts, and they won’t allow the world to forget these past misdeeds. In January 1994, Subcomandante Insurgent Marcos reminded us than in Mexico

“during these past ten years (1984-1994), more than 150.000 indigenous have died of curable diseases. The federal, state, and municipal governments and their economic and social programs do not take into account any real solution to our problems; they limit themselves to giving us charity every time elections roll around. Charity resolves nothing but for the moment, and again death visits our homes. That is why we think no, no more; enough dying this useless death; it is better to fight for change. If we die now, it will not be with shame but with dignity, like our ancestors. We are ready to die, 150.000 more if necessary, so that our people awaken from this dream of deceit that holds us hostage.” (pg. 17)

Seen from the capitalists’ perspective, there’s a dispensable strata of the population labeled as “Indians” (so called because Columbus thought, more than 500 years ago, that the land where he had arrived was India…). “Check out the text of the Free Trade Agreement, and you will find that, for this government, the indigenous do not exist.” (p. 66) Social inequality and marginalized people go hand in hand in Mexico: “on a national level there are 2,403 municipalities. Of these, 1.153 have a level of marginalization considered high or very high. States with high indigenous population have the majority of their municipalities with high and very high levels of marginalization: 94 out of 111 in Chiapas; 59 out of 75 in Guerrero; 431 of 570 in Oaxaca…” (p. 67)

 For 10 years the Zapatista uprising had been fermenting in the woods, since 1984, and at the beginning of 1994 time had arrived for their voice to be heard, not only in Mexico, but throughout the world, amplified by the Internet, sending its shout throughout the Global Village.  One of the easiest ways to understand the emergence of Neo-Zapatism is to look at the consequences of the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) agreement becoming active: free market had kicked out the barriers and products from abroad were about to flood into Mexico, like a tsunami, drowning out Mexican campesinos with the devastating power of a Dust Bowl Storm. The Zapatistas knew very well that NAFTA would certainly enrich some big corporations, mainly american and canadian, but would wreck the equilibrium of the local economies – especially in southeast Mexico. NAFTA was inforced with “dictatorial” fashion: it’s a fact that neither civil society nor the indigenous populations of Mexico were consulted on the matter, even tough they would be tremendously affected by the transformations in the National Constitution.

 “The preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico’s constitution, the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata‘s revolution of 1910–1919. Under the historic Article 27, Indian communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization. However, this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA. With the removal of Article 27, Indian farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands, and also feared cheap imports (substitutes) from the US. Thus, the Zapatistas labeled NAFTA as a “death sentence” to Indian communities all over Mexico. Then EZLNdeclared war on the Mexican state on January 1, 1994, the day NAFTA came into force.” – Wikipédia

According to Marcos, NAFTA “only means freedom for the powerful to rob, and freedom for the dispossessed to live in misery.” (p. 73) We’ve heard this real-life story many times: everytime a Wal-Mart opens in a city, lots of smaller stores go bankrupt because they can’t compete with Wal-Mart’s prices. That’s why it’s possible to considerer EZLN as a movement demanding national sovereignty; from the Zapatistas perspective – which arises from the experience of thousands of Mexicans – what is called “neoliberalism” is just a fancy name for imperialist capitalism, for foreign domination, for the sad reality known for centuries in Latin America of wealth being robbed from a country and getting transformed in capital that enriches some big-shot abroad.

In Ana Carrigan’s excellent article “Chiapas: The First Postmodern Revolution”, she reminds us that years before NAFTA forced itself into North America there was already a lot of rebellion by campesinos in Mexico: in April 10, 1992, for example, 4.000 indigenous campesinos marched to the country’s capital and read a letter adressed to President Carlos Salinas, in which “they accuse him of having brought all gains of the agrarian reform made under Zapata to an end, of selling the country with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and of bringing Mexico back to the times of Porfirio Díaz.” (pg. 36)

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“You are in Zapatista territory: here the People rules and the Government obeys.”

“The Zapatistas made their first, spectacular public appearance in San Cristobal de Las Casas. On October 12, 1992, amid demonstrations marking ‘The Year of The Indian, 500 Years of Resistance’, 4.000 young men and women armed with bows and arrows suddenly appeared out of the crowd. Marching in military formation, they advanced to the central plaza where they attacked the monument to the founder of San Cristobal, the 16th century Spanish encomendador, Diego de Mazariegos. As the symbol of 500 years of opression crashed from its pedestal, the Indians hacked it to pieces and pocketed the fragments before disappearing. In the annals of indigenous resistance, the toppling of Mazariego’s statue had a symbolic resonance equivalent to the destruction of the Berlin Walls.” (ANA CARRIGAN)

The communities in Chiapas who have embraced the EZLN program were bound to clash with Mexican establishment. The powers that be, unbrotherly as usual, sent Army soldiers in great numbers in a bloody attempt to silence the rebels. As Juana Ponce de León states,

“for the government, the issue is simple. There are vast oil reserves, exotic wood, and uranium on the autonomous indigenous lands of Chiapas; the Mexican government wants them, but the indigenous communities, who have no currency in the world’s markets, are in the way. While projecting through the national and international press an image of concern for the human rights issues and the intention to resolve them, the government orchestrates the privatization of the Mayan lands and a low-intensity war to weaken and divide the communities.” (Traveling Back for Tomorrow, XXV).

Eduardo Carli de Moraes

A graffiti at City Lights Books, Lawrence Ferlinghetti’s bookstore in San Francisco

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Galeano and Jean Ziegler discussing “The World’s Criminal Order”
(In Spanish, Portuguese subs)

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To be continued…

“Esta pirâmide absurda e invertida que é a América Latina…” – Uma jornada com o Subcomandante Marcos (EZLN)

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CHAPTER III – THE CLASH BETWEEN OBLIVION AND MEMORY

“…there once was a man named Zapata who rose up with his people and sang out: ‘Land and Freedom!’ The campesinos say that Zapata didn’t die, that he must return… They say that hope is also planted and harvested. They also say that the wind and the rain and the sun are now saying something different: that with so much poverty, the time has come to harvest rebellion instead of death.” – Sub Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon: Selected Writings, pg. 33, Seven Stories Press. All following quotes are from this source.

ezln 1 (1)The Zapatistas know their task is Herculean: the Mexican federal Army, certainly backed-up by Washington and Wall Street, greatly outnumbers the army of the Zapatista rebels. The power of destruction of the Establish Capitalist Powers is crushing: they own the police and the prisons, and they pay the soldiers and militias to persecute the Mexicans who join EZLN. The defeat of this insurrectional movement is something that has been aimed at by established powers for the last 20 years – according to Marcos, the enemy would like to see “democracy washed with the detergent of imports and water from antidemonstration cannons.” (pg. 54)

In 1994 Mexico’s president Carlos Salinas de Gortari is considered by EZLN as “the sales manager of a gigantic business: Mexico, Inc.” (pg. 63) Free Trade, for the Zapatistas, is nothing but capitalism’s “law of the jungle”, and it generates a couple of millionaires while throwing millions into hunger, sickness and death. To use Occuppy Movement’s imagery, the top of the social pyramid, the richest 1% of the country, don’t give a fig about defending the rights of the Mexican people as a whole (the 99%): “the only country mentioned with sincerity on that increasingly narrow top floor is the country called money.” (pg. 63)  “On every street corner misery knocks on the windows of the car.” (pg. 64)

Even tough they see peace and social justice as an ideal to accomplish, the Zapatistas feel they would remain powerless if they were Gandhian pacifists. Thus they take arms, just like the guerrillas led by Fidel and Che in Sierra Maestra in late 1950’s Cuba. EZLN, as the name itself sufficiently states, is an armed rebellion and doesn’t comply with what Marcos called, in Aguascalientes, august 1994, “pacifist complicity with injustice” (p. 56) and “fraudulent unconditional pacifism” (p. 58)

EZLN is quite aware that military victory is rather unlikely against such a powerful army as that of Mexico’s established powers, backed-up by Washington and Wall Street. So Marcos tends to underline the symbolical importance of the Zapatista’s up-rising, its capacity to inspire similar movements throughout Latin America. The 4th Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, January 1996, states: “Brothers and sisters of other races and languages, of other colors, but with the same heart, now protect our light, and in it they drink of the same fire.” (p. 87)

“To confront an army superior to ours in weapons and personnel, although not in morality, nullifies the possibilities of sucess. But to surrender has been expressly forbidden; any Zapatista leaders who opt to surrender will be decommissioned. No matter the outcome of this war, sooner or later this sacrifice – which today appears useless and sterile to many – will be compensated by the lightning that will illuminate other lands. For sure, the light will reach deep into the South, shimmer in the Mar de Plata, in the Andes, in Paraguay, and the entirety of this inverted and absurd pyramid that is Latin America…” (74)

The future of Latin America lies not only in its ability to build international solidarity, planting the seeds of a future of social justice and true democracy, but also in its struggle against oblivion. The Zapatistas claim that memory has been progressively wipe-out by the forces of a capitalist production, distribution and consumption system that runs on shallow foresight and narrow hindsight. In other worlds: the system wants us to buy like crazy, and think only of immediate enjoyment of products sold in the markets, thus imposing to our minds oblivion of future and past generations. This is one of the most important ideas to understand if we want to grasp what these more than 20 years of the Neo Zapatista movement in Mexico means:

“On the side of oblivion are the multiple forces of the market. On the side of memory is history.” This thesis of the markets’ attempted murder against memory is illustrated by the treatment conferred upon indigenous populations by capitalists and their accomplices among politicians. The Zapatistas are saying: the past is not to be forgotten, consumed down to ash, thrown in the garbage can, in order for us to “enjoy” the here-and-now of mass society, mass production, mass consumption, and mass ecological catastrophes. The Zapatistas see the past as “a guide to be learned from and upon which to grow”. The problem is:

“the past doesn’t exist for technocrats, under whose rule our nation suffers. The future can be nothing more than a lengthening of the present for these professional amnesiacs. (…) What better example of this phobia of history is there than the attitude of the Mexican government toward the indigenous peoples? Are not the indigenous demands a worrisome stain on history, dimming the splendor of globalization? Is not the very existence of indigenous people an affront to the global dictatorship of the market?” (MARCOS, pg. 147)

The sad thing is: instead of learning from the past in order to build a better future, the authorities in charge of markets and governments complicit to them are basically waging war against those who are labeled by the repression forces and portrayed by the plutocratic media as “The Terrorists”. The inner enemy. The war against the Zapatistas waged by the Mexican Federal Army, with the aid of the Yankees, is simply an attempt to silence by massmurder those who are demanding freedom, dignity, and social justice. In March, 1995, EZLN writes “to the people of Mexico and to the peoples of the world”:

“Our voice was silenced all at once by the noise of the machines of war. Terror was unleashed again in the Mexican lands by the one who, from arrogance and power, looks at us with contempt, denies our name, and gives us death in answer to our thought. (…) With the complicity of big money and a foreign vacation, he wanted to force us with bayonets to deny our history. (…) For that reason, our past went to the mountains. We went into the caves of those who came before us. Death cornered us… Death came to wield its knife-edged oblivion. It came to kill memory. Again, our hand filled with the fire to avenge our own pain, again being animals eating dirt, dying persecuted and forgotten.” (pg. 81)

The name Zapatistas then gains the meaning of a very powerful symbolical weapon: a “collective name”, that any individual can claim for himself, and by adhering to it he goes away from the forgetfullness that his individual self lies buried in.  A campesino who haves always felt as nobody, as one of the many who History will forget, now can call himself a Zapatista and thus believe he’s part of a collective entity that won’t be so easily brushed away to oblivion. Every zapatista will die, but zapatismo will live, beyond the duration of individual lives. When an individual leaps from being an unrelated isolated atom and joins his forces with the supra-individual movement, it’s as if his heart has been connected to a vaster entity and now pulsates with a collective heart.

 “No longer are we the unmentionables. We the forgotten have a name. (…) Having now a collective name, we discovered that death shrinks and becomes small before us. The worst death, that of oblivion, flees so that the memory of our dead will never be buried together with their bones.(…) “They, our ancestors, taught us to be proud of the color of our skin, of our language, of our culture. More than 500 years of exploitation and persecution have not been able to exterminate us. (…) If they destroy us, the entire country will plummet and begin to wander without direction or roots… Mexico would negate its tomorrow by denying its yesterday.” (October 12, 1995, pg. 82-83)

10

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Read chapters 1 and 2

TO BE CONTINUED…

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but please acknowledge Eduardo Carli de Moraes @ Awestruck Wanderer.

Galeria de Arte na Web: Diego Rivera (1886-1957)

Zapata de RiveraAgrarian Leader Zapata (1931)

“Emiliano Zapata, a champion of agrarian reform and a key protagonist in the Mexican Revolution, here leads a band of peasant rebels armed with makeshift weapons, including farming tools. With the bridle of a majestic white horse in his hand, Zapata stands triumphantly beside the dead body of a hacienda owner. Though Mexican and U.S. newspapers regularly vilified the revolutionary leader as a treacherous bandit, Rivera immortalized Zapata as a hero and glorified the victory of the Revolution in an image of violent but just vengeance.”- MOMA

Rivera - Liberation of the Peon

Liberation of the Peon (1931)

“In Liberation of the Peon, Rivera developed a harrowing narrative of corporal punishment. A laborer, beaten and left to die, is cut down from a post by sympathetic revolutionary soldiers, who tend to his broken body. Peonage—a system of indentured servitude established by Spanish colonizers, under which natives were forced to work the land—persisted in Mexico into the 20th century. The mural offers the injustice of earlier social and economic conditions as a rationale for the Mexican Revolution.” – MOMA

Rivera - Sugar Cane

Sugarcane (1931)

“Set on a sugar plantation, this portable mural introduces the tensions over labor, race, and economic inequity that simmered in Mexico after the Revolution. In the foreground, an Indian woman, with the traditional braids and white clothes of a peasant, cuts papayas from a tree while her children collect the fruit in reed baskets. Behind them, dark-skinned men with bowed heads gather bunches of sugar cane. A foreman, with distinctly lighter skin and hair, watches over them on horseback, and in the background a pale hacendado(wealthy landowner) languishes in a hammock. In this panel, Rivera adapted Marxist ideas about class struggle—an understanding of history born in industrialized Europe—to the context of Mexico, a primarily agrarian country until after World War II.” – MOMA

Flower Festival Feast of Santa Anita by Diego Rivera OSA117

Flower Festival: Feast of Santa Anita (1931)

“Rivera spent the tumultuous years of the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) painting and traveling abroad in Europe. Upon returning to his native country in 1921, he exalted indigenous Mexican people and traditions, making them a central subject of his work. As he later recalled, “My homecoming aroused an aesthetic rejoicing in me which is impossible to describe. Everywhere I saw a potential masterpiece—in the crowds, the markets, the festivals, the marching battalions, the workers in the workshops, the fields—in every shining face, every radiant child.” This painting, depicting a flower festival held on Good Friday in a town then called Santa Anita, was included in a solo exhibition of Rivera’s work at MoMA in 1931. Only the second artist (after Henri Matisse) to receive this honor, Rivera was, at the time, an international celebrity: the New York Sun hailed him as “the most talked about artist on this side of the Atlantic.” – MOMA

"The Arsenal" (1928)

The Arsenal (1928)

“Almost all of Rivera’s art told a story, many of which depicted Mexican society, the Mexican Revolution, or reflected his own personal social and political beliefs, and in The Arsenal is no different. The woman on the right side of this painting in Tina Modotti, an Italian photographer and revolutionary political activist, who is holding ammunition for Julio Antonio Mella, a founder of the internationalized Cuban communist party. Vittorio Vidale, an Italian-born Stalinist sympathizer, stands behind them in a black hat. The figures in this painting are an illustration of Rivera’s transferring his political beliefs onto canvas. He was an active member of the Mexican communist party, and was friends with Leon Trotsky, who lived with him for seven months. ”  – Wikipaintings

Frozen Assets (1931-32)

“In Frozen Assets, Rivera coupled his appreciation for New York’s distinctive vertical architecture with a potent critique of the city’s economic inequities. The panel’s upper register features a dramatic sequence of largely recognizable skyscrapers, most completed within a few years of Rivera’s arrival in New York. In the middle section, a steel-and-glass shed serves as a shelter for rows of sleeping men, pointing to the dispossessed labor that made such extraordinary growth possible during a period of economic turmoil. Below, a bank’s waiting room accommodates a guard, a clerk, and a trio of figures eager to inspect their mounting assets in the vault beyond. Rivera’s jarring vision of the city—in which the masses trudge to work, the homeless are warehoused, and the wealthy squirrel away their money—struck a chord in 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression.” – Wikipaintings

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Man at the Crossroads (1933-34)

“Rivera stirred up controversy yet again when he was commissioned to create Man at the Crossroads for the Rockefeller Center in 1933. He was chosen to complete a mural on the first floor of the Rockefeller Center, with the theme of man at the crossroads, looking to the hope of a new and better future. The original work included pictures of women drinking alcohol, cells depicting sexually transmitted diseases, Leon Trotsky and a portrait of Lenin, which upset Rockefeller, who commissioned the work. He demanded that the face of Lenin be changed, but Rivera refused. Rockefeller immediately paid for the work, dismissed Rivera, and covered the mural. Rivera, who was determined to have his mural shown, re-created it at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City and renamed the piece Man, Controller of the Universe. The original Man at the Crossroad in the Rockefeller Center was smashed and hauled away in 1934.” – Wikipaintings


Diego Rivera's The Uprising (1931)
The Uprising (1931)

“In The Uprising, a woman with a baby at her hip and a working man fend off an attack by a uniformed soldier. Behind them, a riotous crowd clashes with more soldiers, who force demonstrators to the ground. The location is unclear, though the figures’ skin tone implies that the scene is set in Mexico or another Latin American country. In the early 1930s, an era of widespread labor unrest, images of the violent repression of strikes would have resonated with both U.S. and Latin American audiences. The battle here stands as a potent symbol of universal class struggle.” – MOMA

Rivera - Aztec Warrior

Indian Warrior (1931)

“Of all the panels Rivera made for The Museum of Modern Art, Indian Warrior reaches back farthest into Mexican history, to the Spanish Conquest of the early 16th century. An Aztec warrior wearing the costume of a jaguar stabs an armored conquistador in the throat with a stone knife. The Spaniard’s steel blade—an emblem of European claims to superiority—lies broken nearby. Jaguar knights, members of an elite Aztec military order, were known for their fighting prowess; according to legend, their terrifying costumes enabled them to possess the power of the animal in battle. The panel’s jarring vision of righteous violence offered a Mesoamerican precedent for Mexico’s recent revolution, as well as its continuing struggles.” – MOMA